Hormones

Progesterone in men

Progesterone is known as a female hormone, so why are we even talking about progesterone in men?!? – In fact, this is a very important hormone for men….

T3, T4, TSH and TRH – Thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) are produced by the thyroid gland. They are extremely important and have a variety of actions. Affect almost…

What are hormones and their significance?

Hormones are the most important molecules in the human body. And in order to have a healthier organism, it is good to know what hormones are and their meaning … Even a small change in the values of one hormone will affect the whole hormonal balance…

Total and free testosterone: What’s the difference?

We often talk about Testosterone, but sometimes you hear the term Free Testosterone and how useful it is in a cycle to gain muscle mass! This for…

What is Albumin?

Albumin is a serum binding protein that makes up a significant portion of blood plasma. It is produced in the liver and is a good indicator of damage…

What is Globulin?

Globulin is part of a group of proteins in the bloodstream that help regulate the function of the circulatory system. The blood serum contains two main protein…

Growth hormone (HGH) effect, action and intake

Human Growth Hormone or Somatotropin is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropin cells in the pituitary gland…

Prolactin in men

Prolactin is a hormone that is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland. It is also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin. Prolactin is considered…

Progesterone in men

Progesterone is known as a female hormone, so why are we even talking about progesterone in men?!? – In fact, it is quite an important hormone for men. They need progesterone to produce testosterone. Progesterone production in men is carried out by the adrenal glands and testicles. Regarding the secretion of progesterone and its serum levels, there are no large quantitative differences between men and women (at least outside the luteal phase).

Progesterone functions in men

Progesterone affects spermatogenesis (Spermatogenesis is the whole process of sperm production, and spermatogenesis is the last major stage of this process.). It also affects sperm capacity and testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells. Other progesterone effects in men include those on the central nervous system (CNS) (mainly mediated by 5a-reduced progesterone metabolites such as so-called (neurosteroids), including blocking gonadotropin secretion, improving sleep and effects on CNS tumors (meningioma, fibroma), as well as effects on the immune system, cardiovascular system, renal function, adipose tissue, behavior and respiratory system. Progestin can stimulate weight gain and appetite in men as well as women.

Low progesterone in men

When the balance of progesterone in men is insufficient, this can lead to what is known as ‘estrogen dominance’, a condition often associated with women.

Estrogen dominance is a term that describes a condition in which a woman (or in this case a man) has more estrogen than progesterone.

Low progesterone levels in men lead to the following symptoms:

• Low Libido
• Erectile Dysfunction
• Hair Loss
• Weight Gain (Fat Storage)
• Fatigue
• Depression
• Gynecomastia, Which Is the Development Of The Breast In Men
• Decreased Bone Density
• Loss of Muscle Mass

Men with low progesterone levels have a higher risk of developing:

• Osteoporosis
• Arthritis
• Prostate cancer
• Prostatitis, obstruction of the bladder neck, usually associated with an enlarged prostate gland.

Causes of low progesterone levels in men

With age, in men, testosterone begins to decline, estrogen levels rise, and progesterone levels fall dramatically.

Men who use anabolic steroids may suffer from low progesterone levels after a cycle. This is due to a drop-in testosterone levels and an increase in estrogen. Strongly androgenic anabolics aromatize and as a result estrogen increases, which affects the progesterone level.

Even if a man’s estrogen levels are low, he may still experience symptoms of estrogen dominance. The main reason for the dominance of estrogen in men is exposure to xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens, which are compounds that mimic hormones. In addition to environmental factors, other causes of estrogen dominance in men include alcoholism, obesity, chronic stress, and glandular dysfunction.

Low progesterone in men

Low levels of progesterone in men cause an increase in estrogen production, which can lead to a number of problems. Excessive estrogen has been linked to decreased sexual function, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, heart condition, depression and fatigue. Higher estrogen levels can lead to an enlarged prostate. It also provokes depression, passivity, nervous disorder, lack of strength and energy.

In the long run, low levels of progesterone in men lead to:

• Decreased Libido;
• Reduction of Sexual Function;
• Testicular Atrophy;
• Infertility;
• Metabolic Disorders.

Causes of low progesterone levels in men

Progesterone in men may decrease in the presence of the following factors:

• Infectious diseases (including sexually transmitted infections);
• Trauma;
• Reduced immune protection;
• Impaired thyroid function;
• Specific pituitary tumors;
• Liver and kidney disorders;
• Antifungal, antitumor, hormonal drugs;
• Anabolic steroids.

In addition to testing testosterone levels, men should also consider having other hormones tested to get a clearer picture of what’s going inside their bodies. This includes estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, DHEA and thyroid hormones. Hormonal balance is like a jig-saw puzzle – without all of the pieces in place, it just doesn’t work…

How to maintain normal progesterone levels

1. Reduce stress – Stress can lead to the production of hormones known as stress hormones. The main stress hormone is known as cortisol. Additional stress can stimulate the kidneys to convert progesterone to cortisol, thereby lowering progesterone levels. You can help control your stress levels by meditating, reading, listening to music, walking, or in severe cases through therapy.
2. Don’t overwork – Increased levels of physical activity can cause stress in the body, which can trigger the cortisol and progesterone cycle. Do not overwork, and if you train, avoid overtraining!
3. Maintain a healthy weight – Being overweight can cause the body to produce more estrogen. This can cause an estrogen-progesterone imbalance. Maintaining a healthy weight does not mean that progesterone levels will rise. This can lead to more balanced hormone levels.
4. Get enough sleep (at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep) – Your stress level decreases when you are well rested. This can help maintain a healthy level of progesterone in the body.

 

T3, T4, TSH and TRH – Thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) are produced by the thyroid gland. They are extremely important and have a variety of actions. They affect almost every cell in the body to alter gene transcription. Insufficient or overproduction of these hormones has a powerful effect on the overall condition. Disorders associated with altered secretion of thyroid hormones are common and affect about 5% of women and 0.5% of men.

Thyroid hormones

What are thyroid hormones and what is their action?

What is T3? – Triiodothyronine, also known as T3, is a major thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature and heart rate.

Liothyronine is a production form of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3), in the form of tablets. Liothyronine is used to treat hypothyroidism and myxedema coma.

What is T4? – Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a thyroid hormone. It is in the inactive form and most of it is converted to the active form T3. Thyroxine is produced by binding iodine atoms to the ring-like structures of tyrosine residues from thyroglobulin.

Levothyroxine is a pharmaceutically synthesized, synthetic thyroxine. Levothyroxine is used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency, as well as to prevent certain types of thyroid tumors.

What is TSH? – This is a hormone that is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH). Its main action is to ensure the absorption of iodide, which is the main control point for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

What is TRH (Thyrotropin releasing hormone)? – Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH is a hypophysiotropic hormone produced by neurons in the hypothalamus. TRH stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is the brain’s first messenger in many actions controlling the secretion of thyroid hormones.

The synthetic form of the hormone is in injectable form: Tyrel TRH (protirelin).

What is TG? – Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a dimeric glycoprotein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and used entirely in it. Thyroglobulin protein represents approximately half of the protein content in the thyroid gland.

Functions of thyroid hormones

As already shown above, Thyroxine (T4) is a prohormone of Triiodothyronine (T3), which means that T4 is processed to T3. The only function of T4 is to regulate T3 levels.

  So T3 has the following functions:

• Controls the Whole Metabolism (Metabolism).
• It Acts on Brain Activity and The State of Wakefulness, Learning and Memory.
• Affects Emotional State, Mood.
• Increases Carbohydrate Absorption.
• Regulates Heart Rate.
• Increases the Volume of Circulating Blood.
• Regulates Respiratory Rate.
• Supports Normal Bone Development.
• Inhibits Prolactin Secretion.
• Supports the Normal Functioning of Male and Female Reproductive Functions.
• As You Can See, Thyroid Hormones Affect Overall Health, Making Them the Most Important Hormones.

Thyroid hormone production

The process that takes place to synthesize thyroid hormones is complex and few would understand its very detailed explanation. Therefore, we will explain it in two more understandable ways, so that the reader chooses the one that is more understandable for him.

Just an explanation

The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which causes the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). TSH in turn stimulates all the functions of the thyroid gland – the accumulation of iodine, the formation and production of T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine), etc.

Increasing the levels of these hormones in the blood leads to feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to suppress further signaling of production. With increased levels of T3 and T4, the production of TRH and TSH decreases, which also reduces the secretion of T3 and T4. Decreased levels of T3 and T4 increase the production of TSH by the pituitary gland, which directly stimulates the thyroid gland.

Approximately 100 ug of thyroid hormones is secreted by the gland every day, mostly in the form of T4 and by about 10% as T3. In theory, eighty percent of T4 undergoes conversion to more active T3 in the liver and kidneys, as well as small amounts of reverse T3 (rT3). T3 is ten times more active than T4, and rT3 has little or no biological activity.

Detailed explanation

The synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones takes place between the follicular cells and the colloid. Once in the follicular cell, the iodide is oxidized to active iodine by hydrogen peroxide. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Iodine is then actively transported through the apical surface of the follicular cell. There, iodine is immediately incorporated into the tyrosine residues of large thyroglobulin molecules. TG is synthesized in follicular cells and leaves tyrosine residues. Approximately a quarter of these residues can be iodinated. After iodination, thyroglobulin is taken up in the colloid of the follicle where a coupling reaction between pairs of iodinated tyrosine molecules still takes place in the protein. Binding of two tyrosine residues, each iodinated at two positions (di-iodothyronine, DIT), produces tetra-iodothyronine or thyroxine (T4), while the combination of DIT with mono-iodothyronine (MIT) produces triiodothyronine (T3).

Thyroid hormones are stored in this state and are released only when the thyroglobulin molecule is returned to the follicular cells. Stimulated by TSH, thyroglobulin droplets are captured by follicular cells. Synthesis of lysosomal droplets leads to hydrolysis (breakdown) of thyroglobulin molecules and the release of T4 and T3. About 10% of T4 is subjected to T3 mono-deiodination before secretion and the released iodine is recycled.

High and low values ​​of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Both excess and deficiency of thyroid hormones can cause various health disorders. Here are the most common problems and conditions associated with high or low levels of thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism (an example is Graves’ disease) is caused by an excess (high levels) of circulating free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, or both. It is a common disorder that affects approximately 2% of women and 0.2% of men. Thyrotoxicosis is often used interchangeably with hyperthyroidism, but there are subtle differences. Although thyrotoxicosis also refers to an increase in circulating thyroid hormones, it can be caused by taking thyroxine tablets or by an overactive thyroid gland, while hyperthyroidism refers only to an overactive thyroid gland. Indicators and symptoms of this are: weight loss, palpitations, disorder, nervousness, sweating, feeling hot, tension, irregular menstrual cycle.

Hypothyroidism (an example is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) is when there is a deficiency (deficiency or decreased levels) of thyroxine, triiodothyronine or both. Indications and symptoms for this are: rapid weight gain, easy fatigue, rough skin, constipation, too regular menstrual cycle, feeling cold.

Clinical depression can sometimes be caused by hypothyroidism. Some studies have shown that T3 is found in synapse compounds and regulates the amount and activity of serotonin, norepinephrine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain.

Sometimes hair loss can be due to levels outside the norm of T3 and T4. Normal hair growth can be disrupted.

What are hormones and their significance?

Hormones are the most important molecules in the human body. And in order to have a healthier body, it is good to know what hormones are and their importance for our body.

What are hormones?

Hormones are molecules made up of more or less amino acids in a certain order and sequence. The action of a hormone depends on the type of amino acids and their relationship, length and arrangement. This determines what each hormone regulates in the human body.

We can say that hormones are messengers, they carry a certain message to various organs and their functions in the body. They travel through blood, tissues and organs to deliver their instructions to start, stop or modulate almost all processes known to medicine:

• Metabolism
• Growth and Development,
• Muscle Mass
• Fat Regulation
• Sexual Function
• Mood and Behavior
• Regulation of The Immune System
• Hunger, Etc.

In short, if you are wondering what are hormones?! These are cells that tell another cell or organ what to do and how to do it.

Where hormones are produced (secreted)?

Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands in the body. Once formed (the designated organ reproduces them), hormones pass into the blood and stimulate the activity of other organs and systems through the bloodstream.

Some of the major endocrine glands in the body include:

• The pituitary gland (produces: Growth hormone, Prolactin, Dopamine, Thyrotrophic hormone TTH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as Hormones of the neurohypophysis).
• Pituitary / Pineal Gland (produces: Melatonin, Serotonin, and Tryptophan)
• Thymus gland (produces lymphocytes and plays an essential role in the body’s immune defenses. The thymus secretes the following hormones – thymosin, thymus humoral factor, thymopoietin.)
• Thyroid gland (produces several hormones, but two of them are especially important – thyroxine T4 and triode thyronine T3)
• Adrenal glands (produces hormones: Aldosterone, Cortisol and corticosterone, Sex hormones, Adrenaline and noradrenaline)
• Pancreas (produces hormones: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin)
• Testicles (produce the hormone Testosterone)
• The ovaries (produce hormones: Estrogen and Progesterone)

These organs secrete hormones in microscopic amounts and only very small amounts are needed for major changes to occur in the body. Even a very slight excess of hormone secretion can lead to disease states.

How hormones work

Hormones mediate changes in target cells by binding to specific hormone receptors. Thus, although hormones circulate in the body and come into contact with many different cell types, they only affect cells that have the necessary receptors.

Receptors for a particular hormone can be found in many different cells or can be limited to a small number of specialized cells. For example, thyroid hormones act on many different types of tissues, stimulating metabolic activity throughout the body. Cells can have many receptors for the same hormone, but they often have receptors for different types of hormones. The number of receptors that respond to a hormone determines a cell’s sensitivity to that hormone and the resulting cellular response. In addition, the number of receptors that respond to the hormone may change over time, i. which leads to increased or decreased sensitivity of the cells. With increased regulation, the number of receptors increases in response to rising hormone levels, which makes the cell more sensitive to the hormone, allowing more cellular activity. When the number of receptors decreases in response to rising levels of hormones called downregulation, cellular activity decreases.

Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor protein, which activates a signal transduction mechanism, which ultimately leads to cell-specific responses. Receptor binding alters cellular activity, leading to an increase or decrease in normal processes in the body. Depending on the location of the protein receptor on the target cell and the chemical structure of the hormone, hormones can mediate changes directly by binding to intracellular hormone receptors and modulating gene transcription or indirectly by binding to cell surface receptors and stimulating signaling pathways.

Why it is important to have a good hormonal balance?

Hormones maintain the smooth functioning of your body. They help fight harmful bacteria and viruses, promote the overall work of the body, which includes a sense of well-being and a younger look.

Our body, by itself, strives for hormonal balance. So, if a hormone changes its values, it inevitably affects the values ​​of other hormones as well. In this way, our body can fall into a disease state that will not have a specific diagnosis, but will slowly break down. Often the change in our hormones misleads doctors and they make wrong diagnoses.

A healthy hormonal balance enhances brain function. The ability of the brain to function largely depends on the right balance of hormones. As a major and complex organ, the brain relies on these critical messengers (hormones) to behave properly. Hormonal imbalances can contribute to cognitive problems such as distraction, memory lapses and thought loss.

Because all hormones play a different but important role, imbalances can range from drowsiness and fatigue to severe behavioral and health disorders. Restoring hormonal balance should always be a top priority. Often our bodies will send us notifications about how we are performing and warn us of any danger. However, these notifications are not always so noticeable, so it is important for us to be vigilant about our condition.

NOTE: Never try to adjust your hormones yourself (unless you are doing so by adjusting your diet). Seek a good endocrinologist and consult. This is a dangerous material and you should not play Russian roulette.

Total and free testosterone: What’s the difference?

We often talk about Testosterone, but sometimes you hear the term Free Testosterone and how useful it is in a cycle to gain muscle mass! This is questionable for many. – Testosterone… OK, but what is free testosterone?

What is free testosterone?

Approximately 98% of the testosterone that the body produces is bound to either sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. This is called ‘bound testosterone’. The remaining 2% are known as “free testosterone”.

This unbound or free testosterone is what binds to testosterone receptors in the body’s cells. When a cell absorbs free testosterone, it allows for its functionality, such as cell replication in bone and muscle. Free testosterone is also responsible for creating secondary sexual characteristics in men. These include things like hair and a deeper voice.

Why is it important to know the level of free testosterone?   

As the name suggests, total testosterone is the entire hormone that is present in the bloodstream. While some testosterone tests only report total testosterone, they may not be as useful as once thought. That’s why: 98% proportion is normal for bound testosterone – but obviously abnormalities can occur. Limiting tests to total testosterone levels ignores the possibility of excessive binding to SHBG or albumin. This means that it is possible to have normal levels of total testosterone, but still not enough free testosterone to perform the basic functions of the hormone itself. Too little free testosterone can lead to poor muscle development, irritability, decreased sex drive and a number of other problems that a person may not easily associate with too little free testosterone.

Therefore, while overall testosterone levels may look good, low levels of free testosterone can lead to misdiagnosis and treatment plans. For example, a patient may not need more testosterone. They may simply need fewer substances that tend to convert testosterone into other substances such as estrogen. Therefore, it may be critical to test for free testosterone levels, not just total testosterone.

Bioavailable testosterone

Until recently, free testosterone was the only type considered biologically active. However, it turns out that the part of the hormone that is associated with serum albumin tends to be present in the capillary bed. The binding of albumin to testosterone is very weak and is easily broken, releasing testosterone that can be absorbed by the tissues. Thus, all non-SHBG-related forms of testosterone are considered bioavailable. One way to monitor bioavailable testosterone is that it is a ready-to-use reserve when the body is low in free testosterone. However, scientists still do not know how much bioavailable testosterone continues to be absorbed by cells under these conditions.

Conclusion

 The higher the level of free testosterone in the body, the more you will feel the function of testosterone itself. This means: stronger libido, more tone and more muscle mass.

What is Albumin?

Albumin is a serum binding protein that makes up a significant portion of blood plasma. It is produced in the liver and is a good indicator of damage to this organ. Albumin is the most abundant protein found in the blood and has important functional roles, such as the transport of hormones and drugs.

For example: In order for hormones to work, they must be transported to an organ. To this end, they bind to other proteins in the blood. One of these proteins is Albumin.

What is the function of Albumin?

The main function of Albumin is to regulate oncotic blood pressure. In addition, there are several other functions in the human body.

The concentration of circulating albumin in the blood is directly related to liver health as well as nutritional status. If the amount of circulating albumin is low, then this may be an indication of liver or kidney damage.

Low albumin levels (AKA hypoalbuminemia) can also be a sign of malnutrition. The process of eating stimulates the production of albumin in the liver and maintains the amount of albumin in the blood at a normal level. However, malnutrition or people who are on a low protein diet may have low levels.

Albumin levels can also affect the levels of biomarkers associated with calcium and other proteins. In the blood, calcium binds to proteins, mainly albumin. Therefore, if the albumin concentration is low, it may also reduce the total calcium concentration, but not the bioactive calcium. Therefore, adjusted calcium is usually reported. There is some controversy between low albumin levels and the risk of osteoporosis. However, some research suggests that low albumin levels may increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, especially in the neck of the femur (long femur), hip and spine.

How does albumin affect my condition?

High levels of albumin may occur during dehydration. Dehydration is a condition in which your body loses more fluid than it absorbs. Although thirst is a symptom, other symptoms can make you feel quite bad, including fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, lips and tongue. Dehydration can also affect your mental status. This will also happen if you are malnourished. In this case, your energy levels will be low and you may not be willing to perform your usual daily activities.

Low albumin levels may be indicative of liver and kidney problems or any acute inflammatory condition. Liver injury or a disease such as hepatitis can also affect your overall well-being. At low levels of albumin, fluid from the bloodstream is pushed into the tissues, causing swelling.

 

What is Globulin?

Globulin is part of a group of proteins in the bloodstream that help regulate the function of the circulatory system. Blood serum contains two main protein fractions – albumin and globulins. If the level of globulin in the blood is abnormal, this can lead to health problems. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting and fighting infection. In addition, they have many different functions, and the group includes immunoglobulins, enzymes and carrier proteins.

In turn, globulins are three groups – alpha-, beta- and gamma-globulin. The first two types of globulins are predominantly transport proteins, and the gamma globulin fraction consists of immunoglobulins, which are specific proteins of the immune system.

Globulins, albumins and fibrinogen are the main blood proteins. The normal concentration of globulins in human blood is about 2.6-3.5 g / dL.

When talking about globulin, the synonym “globular protein” is often used. However, albumins are also globular proteins, but not globulins. All other serum globular proteins are globulins.

Globulin levels

The level of globulin will affect the amount of protein needed in the bloodstream. If these proteins are not stored in the right ration, it can be difficult for the body to fight infections properly, clot or transport nutrients to the muscles, leading to health problems.

The test can determine the specific levels of different types of globulin in the blood plasma. Ideally, this level will be around 7.5 g / dL. It should contain approximately 3.5-5 gm / dL albumin and 2.3-3.5 gm / dL globulin.

Low globulin level. If globulin levels fall below this normal range, it could be a sign of several serious health conditions. Kidney disease, liver dysfunction, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and acute hemolytic anemia may lead to decreased globulin levels. This is also a sign that the proteins taken in by the digestive system are not broken down or absorbed properly.

High levels of globulin. Those with high globulin levels may suffer from leukemia or other bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases such as lupus or collagen diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases such as syphilis, Walden stroma macroglobulinemia, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, kidney disease or kidney disease, or a bacterial infection. Further testing is needed to determine which of these disorders is causing the globulin levels to rise so that adequate treatment can be given.

Growth hormone (HGH) effect, action and intake

Human Growth Hormone or Somatotropin is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by somatotropic cells in the human pituitary gland.

Human Growth Hormone or Somatotropin is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by somatotropic cells in the human pituitary gland.

This valuable hormone stimulates the metabolism of proteins, fats, hydrocarbons and minerals, accelerates energy production at the expense of fat breakdown.

This in turn stimulates cell growth, reproduction and regeneration. Improves the condition of the skin, hair and nails. Growth hormone has long been shown to slow down aging. And athletes and athletes enjoy its action to reduce subcutaneous fat and build lean muscle mass.

With age, the body’s natural production of growth hormone decreases dramatically. Its strongest excretion is up to 20 years of age, after which there is a constant decline in the body. This causes many people to stimulate its synthesis by the pituitary gland by taking supplements, peptides or directly taking growth hormone.

The question is often asked: after how long does growth hormone start to work. – The effect of increased production or increased levels of growth hormone are not immediately visible. They depend on whether you are taking peptides or ready-made growth hormone, dosage, route of administration, and diet. Results begin to appear gradually. The former is usually noticeable within one to two weeks of starting daily injections of pure hormone or 4-6 weeks of peptides.

Among the products with recombinant growth hormone are:

Recombinant growth hormone. I tis identical to the hormone normally produced by the human body. The difference is that it is synthetically produced by recombinant DNA technology.

Growth hormone: effect and action

The direct effects result from the binding of growth hormone to the target cells. For example, fat cells (adipocytes) have growth hormone receptors. It stimulates them to break down triglycerides and suppresses their ability to take in and accumulate circulating lipids.

The indirect effect is mediated mainly by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a hormone secreted by the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone. Most of the growth-promoting effects are actually due to IGF-I acting on its target cells.

What to expect when taking growth hormone:

• Increases Energy And Endurance, Improves Athletic Performance And Recovery
• Builds Lean Muscle Mass And Reduces Accumulated Fat
• It Slows Down Aging, Improves The Skin And Helps To Grow Thick Hair
• Increases The Functions Of The Immune System
• Increases Bone Density And Reduces The Risk Of Osteoporosis
• Lowers And Regulates Blood Pressure
• Improves Libido And Sexual Activity
• Improves Cardiac Function And Cholesterol Profile
• Improves Mood And Sleep
• Improves Vision And Hearing
• Reduces The Risk Of Developing Type II Senile Diabetes
• What Do Doctors Say About Growth Hormone?

The importance of exercise and a good diet

It should be noted that in order to achieve maximum effect and results with the use of growth hormone (HGH), you need to exercise regularly and follow a sensible diet. Although some effects will be noticed even without them.

Growth hormone for better physical condition

Increasing energy and endurance are the most obvious benefits. They occur within 10 to 30 days after the start of therapy to increase the release of growth hormone (HGH). It is much easier to judge that you suddenly have more energy and endurance than to find that your bone system is stronger or that your immune system is stronger. So, the effect of growth hormone on energy and endurance is among the first results to be noticed.

Increased energy, tone, endurance and recovery are some of the health benefits that the hormone provides. It can also improve the work of the cardiovascular system and lung functions, resulting in greater oxidation of the blood. The result is more endurance, you will work or train fully, longer and more intensely. For active athletes, greater endurance is one of the key factors for greater athletic performance. If you work, more energy and endurance are vital to doing a good job. If you are the head of a family, increased energy and endurance will help you with one of the most difficult tasks of all! If you are retired, more energy and endurance will help you fully enjoy your golden years.

Other proven benefits of growth hormone (HGH) intake are improving sleep, preserving and improving memory, reducing fat, and cardiovascular function, all of which contribute to having the energy of youth even in old age.

Heals and protects from injuries and injuries

Another extremely important benefit for the physically active is increased resistance to sports and other physically related injuries and injuries. Bones, joints and tendons will become stronger. HGH enhances the regenerative processes that build healthy tendons, ligaments and increase bone density. This can help you avoid common sports injuries and trauma. More recent studies have shown that neurological injuries are less likely with peptide supplementation.

Reduce accumulated fat and shape the body

Growth hormone (HGH) does something that no other drug or weight loss regimen does – it actually shapes the body, melts fat and builds muscle. In many cases, people look slim, athletic, without excess fat. The best thing about growth hormone is that it increases the loss of fat in the abdomen and hips, which is not only the curse of older men and women, but is most often associated with an increased risk of heart attack. In every study of adults, as well as in the elderly, with growth hormone therapy (HGH) there was an increase in muscle mass and, in parallel, a decrease in body fat. Most diets lead to loss of muscle tissue along with fat, but with growth hormone this does not happen!

In a controlled study of 24 adults with growth hormone deficiency at Thomas London Hospital, therapy was given to increase its secretion and secretion. The study group did not have a net change in weight, but they lost an average of 12.5 kilograms of fat and gained an average of 12.1 kilograms of body weight.

The most effective way to lose weight and control obesity

In a controlled crossover study of overweight women, growth hormone therapy (HGH) caused an average loss of over 4.6 kg of body fat, most of that in the abdomen.

In two studies by David Clemens at the University of North Carolina, with growth hormone therapy, one combined with diet, the other not, accelerated weight loss was observed. All people in the study were between 35 and 60% over their ideal weight. In one study, which lasted six weeks, increased secretion of growth hormone caused a 25% acceleration of fat loss above and beyond the effect of diet. In the other study with a period of 12 weeks of growth hormone stimulation without diet, the subjects lost 13-15 pounds. And while in the diet group she lost muscle mass along with fat, the other group maintained increased tone without losing muscle.

Growth hormone can be a solution to the problem of fat reduction that accompanies obesity. Muscle and adipose tissue metabolism is directly affected by the interaction between growth hormone, amino acids, exercise and insulin. HGH can be the answer not only to fat removal, but also to all the problems that come with them.

Means for rejuvenation, improving the condition of the skin and hair

Increasing growth hormone (HGH) has a rejuvenating effect, it actually makes people look younger. With age, the skin becomes thinner and loses its firm consistency. In a world-renowned study by Dr. Daniel Rudman, older men had an increase in skin thickness to an average of 7.1%. Another study of 202 people taking HGH for six months showed that two-thirds of them had an improvement in skin texture, thickness and elasticity. Of the same group, 61% had fewer wrinkles and 38% had new hair growth. Those taking HGH, or growth hormone-releasing drugs, usually begin to notice changes within a month of treatment. Fine lines disappear, deeper wrinkles are reduced and facial fat is reduced, so that the clouds of fat under the eyes evaporate and the facial muscles become stronger. Another good result over a period of time is the removal of cellulite.

Growth hormone also increases the synthesis of new proteins that are found under the structure of the skin. In experiments, an increased content of collagen in the skin is seen.

Stronger immune system

At puberty, our immune system functions at full steam, thus providing greater resistance to disease. With age (aging), it weakens.

Doctors now believe that elevated levels of growth hormone (HGH) are a powerful method of strengthening a healthy immune system. In addition, growth hormone restores and regenerates a damaged or weakened immune system, which increases the body’s defenses against colds, flu and other diseases.

Studies show that as replenishment of growth hormone (HGH) levels, the function of the immune system increases and increases. The production of new antibodies, T cells and interleukin 2, proliferation, stimulation of bacteria fighting macrophages, increased maturation of neutrophils, increased erythropoiesis and the production of new red blood cells, all accelerate. A boosted immune system is perhaps the most important benefit of plant-boosting hormone (HGH) therapy.

Side Effects

• Baby Naps: The Need for a Short Afternoon Nap.
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Tingling (Needles), Tingling In The Palms And Fingers In The Morning After Sleep.
• Water Retention: A Temporary Side Effect That Subsides When the Dose Is Reduced or Up to 2 Weeks.
• Morning Pain: While People Sleep, The Body Grows And Regenerates – This Is The Cause Of Morning Pain.
• Hypoglycemia: A Decrease in Blood Sugar Levels. It Manifests Itself As A Sudden Hunger Attack, So If You Use Growth Hormone, Always Carry Sugar Packets With You. (IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT)

Theoretical side effects:

Acromegaly: Extremely high doses over a long period of time are likely to cause acromegaly (enlargement of the fingers, bones and organs). In practical use, acromegaly can occur if a person is over 8 IU per day for a period of 10 years.

Growth of existing cancer cells: HGH (growth hormone) regenerates the body faster and all cells that can recover (hair, nails, skin) will usually grow faster. What does this mean for pre-existing cancer cells? No one knows for sure, but it’s a good idea if you have cancer to stay away from HGH.

Growth hormone use is not recommended for people who have:

• Tumors
• Crab
• Serious Illness
• Severe Breathing Problems
• Multiple Injuries
• Complications Of Open Heart Or Abdominal Surgery

HGH can affect the use of insulin in the body, so people with diabetes should monitor their blood sugar levels closely.

Progestins (Progesterone)

Progestins are synthetic forms of the natural hormone progesterone in the body. They are sometimes called progestogens, progestogens or progestogens.

Progestin can be useful in pregnant women or those entering menopause, but in men they can lead to unpleasant side effects.

The main things you need to know

The chemical structure of progestin is different from naturally produced human progesterone. These small changes in shape affect the way they interact with hormone receptors in the body. Progestins may attach more to simpler progesterone receptors in the body.

Progestin can also bind to androgen or estrogen receptors. Like other hormones, such as mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids (hormones produced by the adrenal glands).

If a progestin binds to these receptors, various side effects can be seen, depending on whether the progestin activates or blocks the receptor. Of course, this does not mean that there will necessarily be noticeable changes for someone. For example, just because a progestin is androgenic (binds to androgen receptors) does not necessarily mean that by taking this progestin, the individual will notice androgen-like effects such as increased acne or excessive hair growth. Just as a progestin binds to estrogen receptors does not necessarily mean that it will have estrogenic effects, such as gynecomastia. Things can happen differently in everyone.

Side Effects

The side effects of progestin can be related to the dose, their strength, the specific hormone receptors with which it interacts or the individual response of each person.

Side effects of progestin may include:

• Libido Suppression;
• Depression;
• Fatigue;
• Increased Appetite And Increased Body Fat;
• Gynecomastia;
• Sodium and Water Retention.

Progestin that bind to mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid receptors can cause side effects related to salt and water balance in the body.

How to protect yourself

In case you have decided to use SARMs that have progestogen activity, such as Osatrine, YK11, S23 and Testolone, it is good to add antiestrogens (Tamoxifen ) to your cycle, and then use Proviron to reduce prolactin levels.

Prolactin in men

Prolactin is a hormone that is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland. It is also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin. Prolactin is considered a female hormone because it promotes milk production in pregnant women. But, it turns out to be one of the most important hormones for men’s sexual health and for the purposes of fitness and bodybuilding training, aiming to gain muscle mass and maintain it.

Note: The article is aimed primarily at athletes and users of anabolic steroids for informational and educational purposes. It does not constitute medical advice, incentives or recommendations.

Basic functions

Prolactin acts on many functions not only in the female but also in the male body. They can be divided into several areas: reproductive, metabolic, fluid regulation, immune system regulation and behavioral functions.

The main effect of prolactin in men is on the gonads (testicles). Prolactin suppresses the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRx) by the hypothalamus, as well as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland, thus reducing the level of the sex hormone testosterone. In men, physiological levels of prolactin enhance or suppress luteinizing hormone receptors in Leydig cells, leading to testosterone secretion or suppression. – You should know that without testosterone there is no sexual desire and there is no way to gain muscle mass or maintain what you have already gained.

Prolactin levels

Changes in hormone levels can lead to severe side effects in reproductive and sexual functions in men. Often this important hormone is underestimated, which leads to a number of wrong methods of treating the current condition. In both cases, high and low prolactin levels in men, side effects such as infertility and erectile dysfunction are observed. Only when prolactin is normal does it promote optimal spermogenesis, providing viable, fast and highly fertile sperm. Normal prolactin levels optimize testosterone production and help maintain and build quality muscle mass.

Which affects, controls and regulates Prolactin levels

Prolactin production is mainly regulated by two main hormones:

Its secretion is suppressed by dopamine, which is formed in the hypothalamus – Dopamine stops the production of the hormone, so the more dopamine is produced, the less prolactin is released.

Its secretion is stimulated by estrogen – The more estrogen there is in the body, the more prolactin will be released.

However, the release of prolactin is also affected by thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH as well as a number of external factors such as stress, exercise, low blood sugar and during sleep.

High prolactin – hyperprolactinemia

Too much prolactin in the blood causes hyperprolactinemia, a condition that can lead to testosterone deficiency in men. So, high hormone levels are associated with sexual problems. Some of these conditions can be treated with drugs that mimic the action of dopamine.

High levels of prolactin in men can cause:

• Decreased Gonadal Function (Hypogonadism);
• Decreased Bone Density And Osteoporosis, Increased Cardiovascular Risk Due To Decreased Gonadal Function;
• Impaired Spermiogenesis And Infertility
• Decreased Libido (Sexual Desire);
• Erectile Dysfunction – Erectile Dysfunction;
• Gynecomastia And / Or Galactorrhea;
• Mood Disorders – Depression, Anxiety, Hostility And Psychosis;
• Fatigue And Lethargy;
• Loss of Muscle Mass and Weight Gain of the Female Type.

High levels of prolactin in men is a condition that is not affected by exercise and / or diet. But if it is caused by taking anabolic steroids, this condition is reversible!

Causes of high prolactin in men:

• Stress
• Taking Anabolic Steroids, Progestin Type
• Hypothyroidism
• Liver Disease
• Chest Trauma
• Kidney Disease

Prolactin levels can also be increased by the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and opiates; also in vitamin B6 deficiency and in pituitary tumors known as prolactinomas.

Some drugs can cause high levels of the hormone, including: those that reduce dopamine, some antidepressants, and medications used to treat hypertension, and some used to treat acid reflux.

How can I reduce prolactin levels?

Therapy or treatment is based on the cause. The reasons for the elevated prolactin level must first be found. If this is not an effect of using anabolic steroids, then you should consult a doctor. By the way, special attention should be paid to the condition of the liver, kidneys, thyroid gland and pituitary gland.

Some people with high levels of prolactin, but with little or no signs and symptoms, do not need treatment, but a slight adjustment of their daily routine, such as:

• Strive To Keep Stress Levels Low.
• Reduce Cigarettes And Alcohol.
• Reduce High-Intensity Training.
• Increase Your Intake Of Vitamin B-6 And Vitamin E.

Prolactin levels usually rise during a cycle with anabolic steroids. In this case, athletes use antiestrogens during the cycle, and shortly after. For example Arimidex (Anastrazole).

   If you are taking anabolic steroids such as Deca Durabolin and / or Trenbolone (Parabolan), it is also a good idea to take dopamine D2-receptor agonists, such as Dostinex. And taking Proviron will keep your testosterone high while Prolactin levels drop.